Why must crews using night vision goggles also have another way to see all visible light?
Drone Advanced Exam (RPAS): Crew resource management and human factors
The four CRM skill areas, threat and error management, visual observers and sterile communication, FPV and night-vision limits, disorientation and operating pressures.
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- 14 questions
- Topic drill
Study reference: TC drone rules: CARs Part IX and TC AIM RPA chapter (Oct 2026), Ch. 11 CRM and human factors — TP 15395 Appendices A–B; AIM RPA 3.2.6–3.2.8, 3.2.26–3.2.27; TC AIM AIR 3.7–3.10
All 14 questions in this test
Every question and its answer choices. The correct answers and explanations appear when you take the test above.
Why must crews using night vision goggles also have another way to see all visible light?
- LED aircraft lights may not show in the goggles
- Goggles show traffic as farther away than it really is
- Goggles cannot legally be used within 5 NM of airports
- Goggles stop working when it is colder than 0 °C
At night, what is a common illusion when spotting another aircraft's lights?
- It seems to stop moving completely
- It always seems to be climbing steeply
- Its lights always appear to be green
- It is hard to judge how far away it is
Why is FPV flying risky for detect-and-avoid?
- It is illegal at any height below 100 ft above ground
- It makes the drone invisible to air traffic radar
- It always drains the battery twice as fast as normal
- It cuts the pilot off from the surrounding airspace
Which practice reflects good problem solving and decision-making?
- Relying only on whatever worked on the last job
- Letting the client make the final go/no-go call
- Considering the downstream effects of a decision
- Deciding quickly without asking anyone any questions
You fly from a control station inside a van with the engine running. What hazard should you watch for?
- Static from the van blocking your GPS signal
- Heat from the van shortening drone battery life
- Engine noise breaking the drone's compass
- Carbon monoxide causing headache and drowsiness
A client pushes you to finish a job as winds exceed your drone's limits. What does TP 15263 stress?
- Accept smaller margins when the client pays more
- Clients may approve flights beyond the drone's limits
- Finish quickly to reduce the time spent in the wind
- Safety comes before client or employer pressure
During a busy landing near people, what does good workload management involve?
- Cutting distractions and noticing your own overload
- Answering client calls now to save time later on
- Taking on the observer's duties to save on crew
- Changing the camera settings during the landing
Before an operation with visual observers, what should the crew agree on?
- Which observer gets the best view of the main shot
- Who will post the photos and video online afterward
- Consistent communication language for the mission
- How much each observer will be paid for each flight
Which is one of the four CRM skill areas in TP 15395?
- Data storage management
- Battery management
- Marketing management
- Workload management
What is automation complacency?
- Refusing to use any automated features at all
- A software bug that stops waypoints from being saved
- A rule limiting autopilot use to basic operations
- Trusting the autopilot so much you stop monitoring
In threat and error management, what is an 'error'?
- An action or inaction that leads away from intentions
- A fault found in the drone during the inspection
- Any change in the weather during the flight
- A comment from a bystander about drone noise
What does crew resource management (CRM) mean?
- Training the crew to repair drones out in the field
- Using all resources, people included, to fly safely
- Keeping a record of each crew member's working hours
- Managing the budget for crew wages and drone equipment
How does a visual observer help keep a 'sterile' operating environment?
- By cleaning the drone's camera lens between flights
- By making bystanders switch off their phones
- By keeping out talk and distractions that aren't needed
- By disinfecting the controller before each use
Which behaviour shows good situational awareness?
- Ignoring small changes until they become big ones
- Focusing only on the camera feed to get the shot
- Leaving the weather checks to the client on site
- Staying ahead of the aircraft for expected events
Crew resource management and human factors: key rules to remember
Our summary of what the official handbook says on this topic, in our own words. Read it before or after the practice questions above, then check the original chapter. Read the official chapter ↗
Crew resource management (CRM)
- CRM = using all available resources: other crew, maintenance staff, air traffic controllers, clients.
- Four areas: problem solving and decision-making; situational awareness; communication; workload management.
- Decision-making: anticipate problems early, use a structured process, seek information, prioritize, use all resources, consider downstream consequences.
- Situational awareness: monitor weather, aircraft systems, indications and ATC; avoid tunnel vision (stress reduces vigilance); stay ahead of the aircraft; notice subtle changes.
- Communication: thorough briefings, ask for information, state decisions clearly, give your location clearly.
- Workload: organize resources, recognize overload in yourself, remove distractions in busy phases, stay adaptable.
- Threat and error management (TEM): an error is an action or inaction that leads away from intentions; errors are classed minor, major or critical.
Factors affecting performance
- Fatigue, emotions (work or personal problems), health (cold, flu), time of day and distractions all degrade performance and reliability.
Visual observers
- VOs must be trained for their duties: scanning, aircraft identification, communications.
- Agree on standard phrases before the flight; VOs report traffic, hazards, terrain, weather and structures with relative distance, altitude and path.
- VOs help keep a sterile environment (no irrelevant conversation).
- EVLOS VOs need at least a basic pilot certificate; other VOs need none.
FPV and night
- FPV removes the pilot's awareness of the surroundings; use VOs and keep the area around the pilot safe.
- Night: distance and depth are hard to judge; aircraft lights are easier to see but may seem closer than they are.
- Night vision goggles may not show LED lights outside their spectrum, so crews need a way to detect all visible light; a VO with unaided vision is the simplest.
- Some aircraft (police, military, medevac) may fly without lights; listen for them.
Disorientation
- Vision is the strongest orienting sense; the inner ear can give false sensations. Pilots watching a screen or goggles can misjudge orientation; cross-check with instruments and the real drone.
Attitudes and pressures
- Operating pressures from employers, clients, peers and family must not override safety; safety comes before hierarchy or politics.
- Automation complacency: monitor automated flights actively. Interrupted checklists: restart from a known point.
- Medications and substances can have lasting effects beyond the first impairment; carbon monoxide (e.g. a ground control station in a running vehicle) causes headache, drowsiness and confusion.
Study the Crew resource management and human factors rules as flashcards →
Other topics
- Advanced certificate, privileges and recencyWhat counts as an advanced operation, who may fly one, the age 16 certificate with exam and flight review, supervision of uncertified pilots, 24-month recency, exam and retake rules, and how Level 1 Complex differs.
- Safety assurance declarations (Standard 922)Which advanced operations need a declaration, what 922.04 to 922.08 assure, safety assurance vs pre-validated declarations, what you can fly without a declaration, modifications and operating limits.
- Flying near and over peopleThe 30 m, 5 m and 500 ft distance bands, who counts as involved, medium-drone distances, parachute limits, site and crowd planning and the crew briefing.
- Operations in controlled airspaceThe three conditions for controlled airspace, NAV Drone and DND authorizations, the information ATC may ask for, flying above 400 ft with authorization, ATC instructions, transponder airspace and restricted airspace.
- Airports, heliports and aerodrome trafficEstablished procedures within 3 NM of airports and 1 NM of heliports, TC's generic procedure, aerodrome operators' role, military aerodromes, traffic circuits, MF and ATF areas and runway numbering.
- EVLOS, sheltered operations, medium drones and SFOCsExtended visual line-of-sight and visual observer rules, sheltered operations near structures, medium-drone limits, BVLOS basics and the operations that still need an SFOC—RPAS.
- The flight reviewStandard 921.02 exercises, prerequisites and ID, the planning exercise, lost-link and fly-away items, how errors are graded, failure and retakes, results and the flight reviewer rating.
- Aviation weather reports and meteorologyDecoding METARs and TAFs (wind, visibility, weather, cloud, ceiling, temperature, altimeter), change groups, pressure and density altitude, stability, fronts, thunderstorms and wind shear.
- Radio communicationsThe ROC-A, aviation VHF frequencies including 121.5, 126.7 and 123.2 MHz, MF and ATF procedures, radio technique and phrasing, distress calls, transponder codes and crew radios.
- SFOC applications, payloads, records and occurrencesWhen and how to apply for an SFOC—RPAS, lead times and risk assessment, events, payloads and lasers, records, occurrence analysis, TSB investigations, tethered drones and site safety.