Above 400 ft AGL in uncontrolled airspace, what does an advanced pilot need?
Drone Advanced Exam (RPAS): EVLOS, sheltered operations, medium drones and SFOCs
Extended visual line-of-sight and visual observer rules, sheltered operations near structures, medium-drone limits, BVLOS basics and the operations that still need an SFOC—RPAS.
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- Every answer explained
- Independent · not a government site
- 14 questions
- Topic drill
Study reference: TC drone rules: CARs Part IX and TC AIM RPA chapter (Oct 2026), Ch. 6 EVLOS, sheltered and medium — CARs 900.01, 901.34, 901.38.1, 901.62, 901.74–901.75, 903.01; AIM RPA 3.4.2, 3.6
All 14 questions in this test
Every question and its answer choices. The correct answers and explanations appear when you take the test above.
Above 400 ft AGL in uncontrolled airspace, what does an advanced pilot need?
- Only a 922.08 declaration
- An SFOC—RPAS
- Only a NAV Drone authorization
- Only a sheltered-operation plan
In which airspace may an advanced pilot conduct EVLOS operations?
- Any class, with ATC permission
- Controlled airspace only
- Class F restricted airspace
- Uncontrolled airspace only
Which flight fits the definition of a sheltered operation?
- Within 500 ft of a structure and up to 400 ft above it
- Under a bridge at any distance from the structure
- Within 200 ft of a structure and no more than 100 ft above it
- Inside a building, with doors and windows closed
What extra is needed for a sheltered operation inside a control zone?
- Nothing extra, sheltered flights ignore airspace
- A Level 1 Complex certificate and an RPOC
- An SFOC—RPAS for each structure inspected
- ATC authorization and a drone declared to 922.04
Is a visual observer required for a sheltered operation?
- Yes, an observer holding an advanced certificate
- No, but people not involved must stay 100 ft away
- Yes, one observer for each side of the structure
- No, and there is no distance rule for people
What qualification must the visual observer hold for an EVLOS flight?
- A ROC-A radio certificate only
- An advanced certificate with a flight review
- At least a basic drone pilot certificate
- No qualification, just good eyesight
Ground visibility is 3 miles. How far from the pilot may a medium drone fly in VLOS?
- No limit, as long as it is still in sight
- No farther than 1.5 miles (half the visibility)
- No farther than 0.5 mile in every case
- No farther than 3 miles (the full visibility)
Which issue does TP 15263 flag as a key planning concern for EVLOS?
- The need for a transponder on every EVLOS flight
- The drone's camera colour balance at long range
- Noise complaints from people beneath the flight path
- Extra stress on the C2 link and aircraft endurance
For BVLOS operations, what colour must the drone's anti-collision lights be?
- Blue
- Red
- Green
- White
During take-off and landing of an EVLOS flight, where must the pilot and control station be?
- At the visual observer's position downrange
- Inside a vehicle moving with the drone
- Anywhere within 5 NM of the drone
- At the site set aside for take-off and landing
How far may the drone be from the pilot, control station and visual observer during EVLOS?
- No limit in Class G
- No more than 5 NM
- No more than 2 NM
- No more than 0.5 NM
Why should you program the return-to-home altitude carefully for a sheltered operation?
- Buildings can block the link; a low RTH could hit them
- Sheltered flights never lose the C2 link near buildings
- A high RTH altitude always breaks the 400 ft limit
- Return-to-home is banned within 200 ft of any structure
Which operation still requires an SFOC—RPAS for an advanced pilot?
- Flying a small drone 10 m from bystanders
- Flying near a building as a sheltered operation
- Flying six drones at once from a single station
- Flying a declared drone in a Class D zone
What defines an extended visual line-of-sight (EVLOS) operation?
- The pilot uses binoculars to keep a distant drone in sight
- The drone flies only at night, with bright position lights
- The drone is out of sight, but a VO watches the airspace
- The pilot watches the drone through an FPV headset only
EVLOS, sheltered operations, medium drones and SFOCs: key rules to remember
Our summary of what the official handbook says on this topic, in our own words. Read it before or after the practice questions above, then check the original chapter. Read the official chapter ↗
Extended VLOS (EVLOS)
- The drone is beyond the pilot's sight, but a visual observer keeps unaided watch of the airspace to detect and avoid traffic and hazards.
- Small drones only, uncontrolled airspace only, at least 100 ft (30 m) from people not involved.
- Drone always within 2 NM (about 3.7 km) of the pilot, the control station and the visual observer.
- Pilot and control station must be at the take-off/landing site during launch and recovery.
- The VO must hold at least a basic pilot certificate, keep unaided visual contact with the airspace, stay within 2 NM of the drone, have a means of communication with the pilot and ideally a quiet spot with an unobstructed view of the sky.
- Concerns: extra stress on the C2 link and endurance planning.
- Effective November 4, 2025; no 922 declaration needed for EVLOS with a small drone.
Sheltered operations
- Small drone flown not in VLOS, within 200 ft (61 m) horizontally of a building or structure and no more than 100 ft (30 m) above it.
- No visual observer required; allowed in uncontrolled and controlled airspace; controlled airspace needs ATC authorization and a 922.04 declaration.
- Same 2 NM limit from pilot and control station; pilot at the site for launch and recovery; at least 100 ft from people not involved at all times.
- Buildings degrade the C2 link; program lost-link behaviour and return-to-home altitude carefully.
Medium drones (over 25 kg up to 150 kg)
- Always VLOS; always advanced; need the matching declaration (922.08, 922.07 PVD, plus 922.04 in controlled airspace).
- If ground visibility is 4 miles or less, a medium drone in VLOS may not fly farther than half the ground visibility (unless SFOC).
- Medium drone without a declaration cannot be flown in Canada.
BVLOS (Level 1 Complex) basics
- Anti-collision lights: white, flashing 40–100 times a minute, visible from at least 1 mile; may be switched off if safety requires.
- BVLOS needs ground visibility of at least 3 SM and clear of cloud (unless declared or SFOC).
Still needs an SFOC—RPAS
- More than 150 kg; above 400 ft AGL in uncontrolled airspace; more than 5 drones in VLOS or more than 1 BVLOS from one station; BVLOS in controlled airspace or within 5 NM of an aerodrome; persons on board; hazardous payloads; medium drones in adverse weather; advertised events (any drone); special aviation events (drone shows); foreign operators and foreign-owned drones; leaving Canadian Domestic Airspace.
- Lead time: very-low and low complexity SFOC applications at least 30 working days before; medium and high complexity at least 60 working days, with an RPAS operational risk assessment (AC 903-001, SAIL).
Study the EVLOS, sheltered operations, medium drones and SFOCs rules as flashcards →
Other topics
- Advanced certificate, privileges and recencyWhat counts as an advanced operation, who may fly one, the age 16 certificate with exam and flight review, supervision of uncertified pilots, 24-month recency, exam and retake rules, and how Level 1 Complex differs.
- Safety assurance declarations (Standard 922)Which advanced operations need a declaration, what 922.04 to 922.08 assure, safety assurance vs pre-validated declarations, what you can fly without a declaration, modifications and operating limits.
- Flying near and over peopleThe 30 m, 5 m and 500 ft distance bands, who counts as involved, medium-drone distances, parachute limits, site and crowd planning and the crew briefing.
- Operations in controlled airspaceThe three conditions for controlled airspace, NAV Drone and DND authorizations, the information ATC may ask for, flying above 400 ft with authorization, ATC instructions, transponder airspace and restricted airspace.
- Airports, heliports and aerodrome trafficEstablished procedures within 3 NM of airports and 1 NM of heliports, TC's generic procedure, aerodrome operators' role, military aerodromes, traffic circuits, MF and ATF areas and runway numbering.
- The flight reviewStandard 921.02 exercises, prerequisites and ID, the planning exercise, lost-link and fly-away items, how errors are graded, failure and retakes, results and the flight reviewer rating.
- Aviation weather reports and meteorologyDecoding METARs and TAFs (wind, visibility, weather, cloud, ceiling, temperature, altimeter), change groups, pressure and density altitude, stability, fronts, thunderstorms and wind shear.
- Radio communicationsThe ROC-A, aviation VHF frequencies including 121.5, 126.7 and 123.2 MHz, MF and ATF procedures, radio technique and phrasing, distress calls, transponder codes and crew radios.
- SFOC applications, payloads, records and occurrencesWhen and how to apply for an SFOC—RPAS, lead times and risk assessment, events, payloads and lasers, records, occurrence analysis, TSB investigations, tethered drones and site safety.
- Crew resource management and human factorsThe four CRM skill areas, threat and error management, visual observers and sterile communication, FPV and night-vision limits, disorientation and operating pressures.